9 Famous Types of Editing That Every Author Should Know

9 Famous Types of Editing That Every Author Should Know 9 Types of Editing: A Guide for Authors For any writer, the world of professional editing can be very intimidating - especially when trying to figure out what kinds of editors you need and how to find good ones for your project. Indeed, there are so many types of editing out there, it’s enough to make anyone’s head spin!But this process doesn’t have to be so overwhelming. In this guide, we’ll take you through all the different types of editing, what each one entails, and how they relate to one another. Plus we’ll provide insight from our own expert editors on what these types can do for you as a writer! Ready to get started? 9 types of editing how to apply them to your manuscript  Ã°Å¸â€œ  What are the 9 types of editing?1. Developmental editingDevelopmental editing, also called content or substantive editing, involves an editor providing detailed feedback on â€Å"big-picture† issues. They’ll refine your ideas, shape your narrative, and help you fix any major plot or character inconsistencies. Basically, they’ll look at just about every element of your story and tell you what works and what doesn’t.â€Å"For a developmental edit, I look at some of the larger questions,† says editor Mary-Theresa Hussey. â€Å"Why are the characters behaving as they do? What are their motivations? Do these scenes add to the overall story? What is your underlying theme and how does it change?†As we said, this is typically the first step in the editing process. After all, you don’t want to get your manuscript proofed or formatted if you haven’t even fleshed out the plot yet! A developmental editor will make sure your story’s u p to snuff before moving forward, so you don’t end up copy-correcting work that’s just going to get thrown out anyway.What do you get out of a developmental edit?There are two pieces here that your editor should provide: an editorial report and an annotated manuscript.The editorial report is a general critique of everything your developmental editor thinks you should change, along with commentary on what’s functioning well and should stay in your work. Meanwhile, the annotated manuscript is a marked-up version of the manuscript itself, with specific suggestions as to how you can fix each issue. You might think of the annotated manuscript as the editor’s raw feedback and the editorial report as a summary of that feedback.2. Editorial assessmentOn the other hand, if your manuscript isn’t quite ready yet for a developmental edit, but you still want to get some feedback on it, you can always call for an editorial assessment.â€Å"In an editorial asses sment, the author wouldn’t receive comments and example rewrites in the manuscript,† says genre fiction editor Leah Brown. â€Å"Instead, they would receive a letter that focuses on the broad strokes. An editorial assessment is best for an author who is early in the process and whose manuscript may be messier.†So an editorial assessment is similar to an editorial report, but with less detail. It should give you some concrete ideas about how to construct your story. However, it won’t have the nuance of a full developmental edit, so don’t rely on an assessment alone to perfect your manuscript.3. Structural editing Make sure that structure's solid before you build on it! (Image: Michael Eggerl on Unsplash)4. Copy editingOnce you’re certain that you’ve solved the big-picture issues of your book and done any necessary rewrites, it’s time to dive into copy editing! This type is also known as mechanical and sometimes line editing, depending on its particular application.â€Å"A copy editor’s job is to bring the author’s completed manuscript to a more professional level,† says editor Chersti Nieveen. â€Å"A copy edit helps create the most readable version of your book, improving clarity, coherency, consistency, and correctness. The goal is to bridge any remaining gaps between the author’s intent and the reader’s understanding.†What elements do copy editors consider?A copy editor examines and corrects the following elements in your work:SpellingGrammarCapitalizationWord usage and repetitionDialogue tagsUsage of numbers or numeralsPOV/ten se (to fix any unintentional shifts)Descriptive inconsistencies (character descriptions, locations, blocking, etc.)Essentially, while a developmental editor will address overarching issues with your story, the copy editor looks at more minute details. After all, it’d be pretty distracting to your reader if you constantly misuse dialogue tags or misspell the word â€Å"restaurant.† Copy editing ensures that errors like these don’t happen, so your writing is as strong as possible, and your reader remains 100% focused on the story.5. Line editingPeople often use this term synonymously with copy editing, but they’re not exactly the same. To clarify: line editing focuses specifically on the content and flow of your prose. It’s also called stylistic editing, since it concentrates on style rather than mechanics.In other words, it still falls under the umbrella of copy editing, but it’s more precise. While a full copy edit looks at all of the elemen ts listed in the bullets above, a line edit would only take word usage, POV/tense, and descriptive inconsistencies into account, and provide more detailed suggestions as to how to strengthen the prose itself.Obviously, spelling, grammar, and other mechanical elements are critical, but a line edit would not attend to these so much as to creative content. If you feel incredibly confident about the mechanics of your prose but less so about its flow and style, you might request that your copy editor focus their energy on line editing alone. After all, a proofreader can always catch any minor errors that slip through the cracks. Copy vs. line editing: what's the difference? Find out here! 🔎 And speaking of proofreaders...6. Proofreading 9 Types of Editing: A Guide for Authors Read post There are plenty of ways to self-edit or  build a team of insightful beta readers who can provide you with an outside perspective. But if you intend to become a successful author (whatever that means to you), there’s no replacement for professional assistance and correct procedure when it comes to editing. With this in mind, you’re ready to go forth and conquer - the world of editing, that is!Have you ever had a professional edit done on your work? If so, tell us about it in the comments below!

Timeline of the Rulers of France From 840 Until 2017

Timeline of the Rulers of France From 840 Until 2017 France developed out of the Frankish kingdoms that succeeded the Roman Empire, and more directly, out of the declining Carolingian Empire. The latter had been established by the great Charlemagne but began splitting into pieces soon after his death. One of these pieces became the heart of France, and French monarchs would struggle to build a new state out of it. Over time, they succeeded. Opinions vary as to who the first French king was, and the following list includes all of the transitional monarchs, including the Carolingian and not French Louis I. Although Louis wasnt king of the modern entity we call France, all the later French Louis (culminating with Louis XVIII in 1824) were numbered sequentially, using him as the starting point, and its important to remember that Hugh Capet didnt just invent France, there was a long, confused history before him. This is a chronological list of the leaders who have ruled France; the dates given are the periods of said rule. Later Carolingian Transition Although the royal numbering starts with Louis, he was not a king of France but the heir to an empire which covered much of central Europe. His descendants would later fracture the empire. 814 - 840 Louis I (not a king of France)840 - 877 Charles II (the Bald)877 - 879 Louis II (the Stammerer)879 - 882 Louis III (joint with Carloman below)879 - 884 Carloman (joint with Louis III above, until 882)884 - 888 Charles the Fat888 - 898 Eudes (also Odo) of Paris (non-Carolingian)898 - 922 Charles III (the Simple)922 - 923 Robert I (non-Carolingian)923 - 936 Raoul (also Rudolf, non-Carolingian)936 - 954 Louis IV (dOutremer or The Foreigner)954 - 986 Lothar (also Lothaire)986 - 987 Louis V (the Do-Nothing) Capetian Dynasty Hugh Capet is generally considered the first king of France but it took him and his descendants to fight and expand, and fight and survive, to begin to turn a small kingdom into great France. 987 - 996 Hugh Capet996 - 1031 Robert II (the Pious)1031 - 1060 Henry I1060 - 1108 Philip I1108 - 1137 Louis VI (the Fat)1137 - 1180 Louis VII (the Young)1180 - 1223 Philip II Augustus1223 - 1226 Louis VIII (the Lion)1226 - 1270 Louis IX (St. Louis)1270 - 1285 Philip III (the Bold)1285 - 1314 Philip IV (the Fair)1314 - 1316 Louis X (the Stubborn)1316 John I1316 - 1322 Philip V (the Tall)1322 - 1328 Charles IV (the Fair) Valois Dynasty The Valois dynasty would fight the Hundred Years War with England and, at times, looked like they were losing their thrones, and then found themselves facing religious division. 1328 - 1350 Philip VI1350 - 1364 John II (the Good)1364 - 1380 Charles V (the Wise)1380 - 1422 Charles VI (the Mad, Well-Beloved, or Foolish)1422 - 1461 Charles VII (the Well-Served or Victorious)1461 - 1483 Louis XI (the Spider)1483 - 1498 Charles VIII (Father of his People)1498 - 1515 Louis XII1515 - 1547 Francis I1547 - 1559 Henry II1559 - 1560 Francis II1560 - 1574 Charles IX1574 - 1589 Henry III Bourbon Dynasty The Bourbon kings of France included the absolute apogee of a European monarch, the Sun King Louis XIV, and just two people later, the king who would be beheaded by a revolution. 1589 - 1610 Henry IV1610 - 1643 Louis XIII1643 - 1715 Louis XIV (the Sun King)1715 - 1774 Louis XV1774 - 1792 Louis XVI First Republic The French Revolution swept away the monarch and killed their king and queen; the Terror which followed the twisting of the revolutionary ideals was in no sense an improvement. 1792 - 1795 National Convention1795 - 1799 Directory (Directors)1795 - 99 Paul Franà §ois Jean Nicolas de Barras1795 - 99 Jean-Franà §ois Reubell1795 - 99 Louis Marie La Revellà ­ere-Là ©peaux1795 - 97 Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot1795 - 97 Etienne Le Tourneur1797 Franà §ois Marquis de Barthà ©lemy1797 - 99 Philippe Antoine Merlin de Douai1797 - 98 Franà §ois de Neufchà ¢teau1798 - 99 Jean Baptiste Comte de Treilhard1799 Emmanuel Joseph Comte de Sieyà ©s1799 Roger Comte de Ducos1799 Jean Franà §ois Auguste Moulins1799 Louis Gohier1799 - 1804 Consulate1st Consul: 1799 - 1804 Napoleon Bonaparte2nd Consul: 1799 Emmanuel Joseph Comte de Sieyà ©s,1799 - 1804 Jean-Jacques Rà ©gis Cambacà ©rà ¨s3rd Consul: 1799 - 1799 Pierre-Roger Ducos1799 - 1804 Charles Franà §ois Lebrun First Empire (Emperors) The revolution was brought to an end by the conquering soldier-politician Napoleon, but he failed to create a lasting dynasty. 1804 - 1814 Napoleon I1814 - 1815 Louis XVIII (king)1815 Napoleon I (2nd time) Bourbons (Restored) The restoration of the royal family was a compromise, but France remained in social and political flux, leading to yet another change of house. 1814 - 1824 Louis XVIII1824 - 1830 Charles X Orleans Louis Philippe became king, chiefly thanks to the work of his sister; he would fall from grace shortly after she was no longer around to help. 1830 - 1848 Louis Philippe Second Republic (Presidents) The Second Republic didnt last long chiefly because of the imperial pretensions of a certain Louis Napoleon... 1848 Louis Eugà ©ne Cavaignac1848 - 1852 Louis Napoleon (later Napoleon III) Second Empire (Emperors) Napoleon III was related to Napoleon I and traded on family fame, but he was undone by Bismarck and the Franco-Prussian war. 1852 - 1870 (Louis) Napoleon III Third Republic (Presidents) The Third Republic bought stability in terms of the structure of government and managed to adapt to the First World War. 1870 - 1871 Louis Jules Trochu (provisional)1871 - 1873 Adolphe Thiers1873 - 1879 Patrice de MacMahon1879 - 1887 Jules Grà ©vy1887 - 1894 Sadi Carnot1894 - 1895 Jean Casimir-Pà ©rier1895 - 1899 Fà ©lix Faure1899 - 1906 Emile Loubet1906 - 1913 Armand Fallià ¨res1913 - 1920 Raymond Poincarà ©1920 - Paul Deschanel1920 - 1924 Alexandre Millerand1924 - 1931 Gaston Doumergue1931 - 1932 Paul Doumer1932 - 1940 Albert Lebrun Vichy Government (Chief of State) It was the Second World War which destroyed the Third Republic, and a conquered France tried to find some sort of independence under WW1 hero Petain. No one came out well. 1940 - 1944 Henri Philippe Petain Provisional Government (Presidents) France had to be rebuilt after the war, and that started with deciding on the new government. 1944 - 1946 Charles de Gaulle1946 Fà ©lix Gouin1946 Georges Bidault1946 Leon Blum Fourth Republic (Presidents) 1947 - 1954 Vincent Auriol1954 - 1959 Renà © Coty Fifth Republic (Presidents) Charles de Gaulle returned to try and calm social unrest and began the Fifth Republic, which still forms the government structure of contemporary France. 1959 - 1969 Charles de Gaulle1969 - 1974 Georges Pompidou1974 - 1981 Valà ©ry Giscard dEstaing1981 - 1995 Franà §ois Mitterand1995 - 2007 Jacques Chirac2007 - 2012 Nicolas Sarkozy2012 - Francois Hollande2017 - Emmanuel Macron

Processing of Pre-MicroRNA to MicroRNA Research Paper

Processing of Pre-MicroRNA to MicroRNA - Research Paper Example Thus, the paper will also discuss the five activities of the processing of pre-MicroRNA into MicroRNA (Grosshans & Slack, 2002, pp.17-19). In the study involving photogenic elements, scientists normally use samples from animals before testing their results on human beings. In most biochemical laborites, one would find mice especially the Drosophila, Arabidopsis, and elegans type. These animals provide some useful biochemical samples, which scientists study to inform on certain biological and biochemical issues. Just like human beings, mice also have microRNA. Through cloning and sequencing, scientists extract microRNA for study purposes. Various studies have shown that both human beings and mice have over two hundred to three hundred inimitable microRNA genes. The studies also explain that in organisms, human beings and mice included, microRNAs are homologous in nature. Consequently, this is a clear indication that microRNAs play significant roles by representing comparatively old and essential regulatory pathways (Gallo et al., 2006, pp.6156-6159). As seen above, the genome hosts pre-MicroRNA and other photogenic elements. Within the genome, sequence encoding of microRNA takes place. However, since there are mechanisms that control microRNA expression, the encoding of microRNA will involve only known genes. In most cases, these genes occur in various flimsy locations within the human chromosomes, and one of the chief characteristic about them their independently transcription shape. It is imperative to note that the primary microRNA transcripts (pre-microRNA) are the ones that encode strands of microRNA. In general, such encoding produces the microRNAs that have the same orientation as pre-microRNA. Clearly, this is an indication that there is a microRNA promoter, which is responsible for such transcriptions. In most cases, the genome stores microRNA genes, and here, these genes appear in form of cluster.

Workplace Ethnography Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Workplace Ethnography - Assignment Example Within this company description includes the prevention of company financial waste through developing accounting procedures that reduces and discovers these elements within corporate and business partners. The firm also functions to aid companies in detecting potential fraud based activities through providing internal auditing services that allow companies to self-regulate themselves and meet government accounting standards and regulations. The general functionality of the accounting firm can be understood in terms of its modes of investigation, as it works to evaluate and examine corporate and business information systems to ensure that the accounting procedures conducted therein remain functional and efficient. In these regards, entities within the firm also investigate management procedures and a variety of internal control mechanisms to ensure functionality and adherence to regulation. While these are the general company operations, there also exist specialized entities within th e firm. In these regards, the firm has separate sections that work to aid corporate and business entities in terms of environmental accounting, information technology, and general compliance. Physical Description The physical description of the workplace environment has a number of elements that can be symbolically interpreted. As the firm is large it is divided into departments. Each department is located within a different section of the organization, divided by either long hallways or situated on an entirely different floor of the building. It seems there are few qualitative assumptions that can be made regarding the placement of the differing departments, as in the past they have been changed without few if any functional change. The firm’s computer department, which handles both internal computing needs as well as the external company needs, is situated centrally so that the other departments are able to access it with alacrity. It seems that other departments are locate d adjacently to each other along lines of efficiency. For example, the special service divisions are located next to each other. Furthermore, the higher level executive offices are situated on a floor that is literally above the lower level offices. In these regards, one can symbolically interpret the placement of these offices above the rest of the company as a means of indicating that the individuals residing therein are both hierarchically above the rest of the company in terms of power and control, as well as being located there for the practical purpose of workplace efficiency. In terms of the computer department of the accounting firm, cubicles are built in a square like section with four individuals connected through a compartment that is divided into four contiguous units, separated by a divider. Each unit is contains desk space and a computer for the employee. There is minimal qualitative purpose for the individual employees being situated together in a unit, as oftentimes individuals who are responsible for different elements within the computer division are grouped together. Rather, placement is determined based along space needs and employee seniority. Surrounding each department are office units. In the office units are managers and supervisors of the specific accounting departments in which they surround. The qualitative significance of this placement can be determined to function by allowing employees efficient access to the office units, which are enclosed to add increased privacy. Their position on the exterior of the department room also allows the managers and supervisors inside a privileged perspective on the on-goings of the department floor. This can be argued to function to motivate employees to at least give

Research Assignment Essay on Distributive Bargaining and Mediation

Research Assignment on Distributive Bargaining and Mediation - Essay Example In case of distributive bargaining both the parties try to maximize their gains and minimize the losses. Negotiators in this case try to promote their own-interests so that they do not look weak in the eyes of the other party. The concept of negotiation and bargaining has been found to be important in the works of Chamberlein (1955 cited in Marquis and Huston, 2009) and Stevens (1963 cited in cited in Marquis and Huston, 2009) to name a few. The purpose of this paper is to discuss about distributive bargaining and mediation as aspects of negotiation. It will also discuss the importance of mediation in the decision-making process. The first segment of the paper establishes the concepts of distributive bargaining and mediation and then the integration of both the topics in conflict-resolution. The existing literature points out that there are two main types of negotiation strategies namely distributive bargaining and integrative bargaining. The concept of distributive bargaining is embedded in the zero-sum game of economic theory and has been viewed by researcher in the light of a situation related to division of a pie. The implication a zero-sum game is that that there are mutually exhaustive ways of dividing the outcome (BÃ ¼hring-Uhle, Kirchhoff and Scherer, 2006). The most important aspect of distributive bargaining is that the interests of the agents are correlated in a negative manner where positive outcome of one individual is related to the negative outcome of another. The idea of distributive negotiation had undergone a paradigm shift with the research work conducted by Fisher, Patton and Ury (1991) who had pointed out that distributive bargaining is inferior compared to integrative bargaining and this had led researchers to focus on the later. One of the most c ommon form of distributive bargaining can be found in the labour union where the union members wants to secure

Computer Networking

Computer Networking 1. Data Link Layer Protocols always put CRC in there trailer rather than in the header. Why? Ans. The CRC is computed during transmission and appended to the output stream as soon as the last bit goes out onto the wire. But If we put CRC in the header, before transmitting it is necessary to compute CRC bits and then add it. This approach will result in handling of each byte twice once for check summing and once for transmitting. While addition of CRC in trailer results is the easy way and less effort. Thats the reason why we add CRC at the trailer part of the frame. 2. Slotted aloha is a improved version on aloha protocol. On what factors the improvement is implemented in slotted aloha. Ans. In case of slotted ALOHA concept of time slot has been introduced. During the transmission we make use of this time slot to send a frame. A frame will be send only at the beginning of the time slot. As a result of this method the chances of collision decreases considerably. Vulnerable time in case of slotted ALOHA is also less than the vulnerable time in pure aloha. Or in other words we can say that the vulnerable time is just half in the slotted ALOHA as compared to that of ALOHA. As the probability of collisions has been decreased this results in the increased efficiency of the transmission. 3.When bit stuffing is used, is it possible for loss, insertion or modification of a single bit to cause an error not detected by checksum? If not why not? If so how? Does checksum play a role there? Ans. Yes. There is a possibility of modification a single bit which will result in an error. But this error can easily be detected by the checksum error detection method. This is so because checksum is the sum of the data elements to be transmitted. If a bit in frame get modified then it will result in the change of sum of the data elements. Which in turn will change the checksum. And if the chechsum dose not match at both the sides then error will be detected by the receiver. Also there is chance of loss of a bits. Lets suppose if there change occurs in the bit which was stuffed in the data part means stuffed 0 bit becomes 1. in this case receiver will take it as flag and conseder it as the end of the frame which will finally result in the loss of some data bits. This loss of data bits can easily be detected by the checksum method. As due to the loss of data bits the sum will change and it will result in change in checksum number. And the error will be detected easily. Insertion of a bit is not possible because flags are used to indicate the start and end of a frame. And also the size of the frame is fixed. So we can not add one extra bit to the frame. 4. Give two reasons why network might use an error correcting code instead of error detection and retransmission? Ans. Sending data with error correcting code and detecting error then ask for retransmission of data are two different methods used for data transmission. The 1st option have some advantages over the 2nd one. 1> Fast transmission of data takes place. If any frame is received with error then receiver can regenerate the correct frame using the error control information. While in 2nd case receiver will 1st send request for retransmission of that particular frame then sender will again send that frame, which is a very time consuming process. 2> Efficiency of transmission increases. If we use 1st option then the whole bandwidth of the channel will be used to send the data only in one direction which will automatically increases the data transmission efficiency. While in case of 2nd option bandwidth of the channel is divided in two parts which results in loss of efficiency. 5. Wireless transmission and wired transmission use different set of multiple channel allocation strategies. Why there was a need of avoidance when detection was already available? Ans. In case of wired transmission we use wires for the transmission. If data have to send over a small distance it is easily transferred but if data is to be send over a long distance then we makes use of repeaters. Because of the repeaters the energy of the frames are maintained. So if any collision occurs in wired connection then it is easy to recover the data. While in case of wireless transmission data travels through the air which results in loss of energy of the packets. During transmission energy of the data packets decreases. So if collision occurs then the packets destroy easily and completely. So we need to avoid collisions in case of wireless transmission. 6. Blue tooth supports two types of links between a slave and master .What are they and why is each one used for? Ans. There are two types of link that can be created between a primary ( Master ) and a secondary ( Slave ) stations. 1> SCO, Synchronous connection oriented. This connection is used when it is more important to deliver data in time ( to avoid latency) than integrity ( i. e. error-free delivery ). The basic units of connection is two slots, one for each direction. At regular intervals specific slots are reserved for primary and secondary stations to establish the connection. If any error occurs ( such as packet lost) then it is never retransmitted. This type of connection is used in real-time applications. 2> ACL, Asynchronous connectionless link. This type of connection is used when data integrity is more important than avoiding delay in data delivery. If any error occurs, then the damaged frame is retransmited. The number of slots are not fixed for ACL, it can use one, two or more number of slots. After the arrival of the data frame secondary station sends ACL frame if and only if the previous slot has been addressed to it. 7. Using 5-bit sequence numbers, what is the maximum size of the send and receive windows for each of the following protocols? a. Stop-and-Wait ARQ Ans. In this protocol sequence number is based on modulo-2 arithmeetic. Send window Size :- 1 ( always ) Receive Window Size :- 1 ( always ) b. Go-Back-N ARQ Ans. Send window size :- 32 ( frames numbering from 0 to 31 ) receive window size:- 1 ( always ) c. Selective-Repeat ARQ Ans. In this protocol the size of send window is equal to receive window. Send Window size :- 16 Receive Window size :- 16 8. If an Ethernet destination address is 07:01:02:03:04:05, what is the type of the address (unicast, multicast, or broadcast)? Ans. A source address is always a unicast address as frame comes only from one station. Now destination address can be unicast, multicast or broadcast. To identify a address wheather it is a unicast or a multicast we conseder least significant bit of the 1st byte. If this bit is 0 then address is Unicast. If this bit is 1 then address is Multicast. While broadcast address is a special case of the multicast address. If all the bits in the this 6 byte address are 1 then its a broadcast address.

Nuclear Family

Yesterday, 22:02Â  in:Â  Essay samples The question is to outline and critically evaluate the functionalist view that the typical family unit is nuclear. The other part of the question is to critically evaluate the work of Willmott and Young that suggests that the family is becoming increasingly symmetrical. In defining the symmetrical family according to Willmott and Young, males and females are becoming equal within the family. Willmott and Young also stated that there are three stages in becoming a symmetrical family.The first stage is the pre-industrial family, which is a unit of production consisting of a husband, wife and unmarried children. The family worked for themselves on the land as a unit of production. This is still represented in a small minority of families today. The family started to decline in the nineteenth –century due to the industrial revolution which gave rise to the emergence of the factory system. (Haralambos and Holborn, 2002). The stage two famili es began with early industrialization.Factory production replaced the domestic system and such families ceased to be a unit of production and focused more on the individuals employed as wage earners. During the nineteenth century there was high unemployment and widespread poverty amongst the working class. Stage three families began in the early 1970’s. This is a new emerging family called the symmetrical family. It is egalitarian and democratic. The conjugal bond between husband and wife is strong and they share their work and time around the home. The nuclear family has become a large self-containing and self-reliant unit.Wives still have the main responsibility of raising the children with a little help from their husbands. Women started a network of support in order to help each other and their children during hard times. This extension of network was done to cope with poverty by creating an insurance policy and support. The bond between married daughter and mother became closer and the conjugal bond between husband and wife became weaker. A survey carried out by Willmott and Young in the 1950’s showed that stage two families still exists in Bethnal Green.There is still a strong bond between mothers and daughters. (Haralambos and Holborn, 2000) Historically the symmetrical family brought changes to the structure of the family. However, there are feminist theories on the family for example, radical feminists believe that that the family is a unit of oppression. Radical feminists see the home as a place where women were exploited by the capitalists and their husbands. Men were the head of the family and household. The men had political and economic powers allowing them to make decisions in the home. As a result the women would be dependent on the men.In order to understand the family, feminism has probably had more influence on the study of the family than any other approaches in society. Feminists have highlighted the dangerous effects on wome n within the family. Also the dominance of men within the family was highlighted. They also question whether the family life is becoming egalitarian. In addition, feminists view the family as an institution, which has greater benefits for men compared to those for women (Haralambos, 2000). In regards to the Marxist feminist perspective, Marxists such as Engel and Zaretsky recognised that women are treated unfairly in the home.However their focus is on the relationship between Capitalism and the family. Margaret Benston states that women are the emotional support for her husband. This support provides him with comfort, which enables him to continue to go out to perform well in his job. In terms this is good for the Capitalist employee working well in order to perform his role as a wage labourer (handout feminist perspectives on the family). According to Bryson (1997), radical feminists view the oppression of women as the most fundamental and universal from of control.In this view, th is is a patriarchal society rather than a Capitalist society in which women have different interests than men. Men are not seen as the source of male domination, although the feminists do see the family as important in keeping male power. Women are seen as exploited because of the housework and child care duties that she has to carry out unpaid. Men are seen as the ruling class and females as the subject in which patriarchal power control women’s sexual activity. Willmott (1970) argues that the way society is organised enabled men to dominate women.In the extreme from this can take the form of violence. As Dobash and Dobash (1980) indicates this violence from men is a real threat to many women and children. Liberal feminists views ague that women wanted equal rights. However they point on that changes in the political, economic and social system of western societies will be a gradual process. Liberal feminists see inequalities as affecting both males and females. They see wom en with potential in the workplace as not having the opportunity to progress. Liberal feminists are a strong advocate of equal opportunities for males and females.According to Haralambos and Holborn (2000) liberal feminists supported such measures as the Sex Discrimination Act (1975) and the Equality Act (1970) with the intention that these laws would help end discrimination. Critically evaluate the functionalist view that the nuclear family is both universal and typical. According to Murdock a functionalist who’s claimed that some kind of family existed in every society and was universal. His definition of the family states that ‘the family is a social group characterised by common residence, economic co-operation and reproduction.It includes adults of both sexes, at least two of whom maintain a socially approved sexual relationship and one or more children own or adopted of the sexually co-habiting adults’ (Haralambos, 2000) His idea of the universality of the family seems to focus on one type of family. However, the kind of family form that Murdock based his findings on when he did his research in 250 societies he found only nuclear families. This led him to the conclusion that the nuclear family was a universal social group. However, Murdock views of the family is somewhat flawed due to the different type of families that exist in today’s society.Murdock and Parsons have the view that women should be a t the home looking after and nurturing the children, while men should go out to work and are bread winners of the family. Murdock states that the nuclear family is universal and is based on three key functions for a family to survive in society. These are, it stabilizes sexual and reproductive functions. It also provides basic economic requirements such as food and shelter. Moreover it provides the function of socialization of the next generation into the norms, values and other aspects of culture in that society.Murdock argues tha t without these functions the nuclear family would not survive (Kirby, 1997) However the functionalist view that the nuclear family is both universal and typical can be contradictory. Murdock studied families in 250 societies and found that some kind of family existed in every society and was therefore universal. The types of family structure that Murdock found in all 250 families was the nuclear family which lead him to conclude that the nuclear family is a universal social grouping, (Handout the family) Parsons agrees with Murdock and goes on to say that the nuclear family is typical and normal.Parsons states that the female role is expressive. He makes distinction on the basic biology in that the female is more expressive because of giving birth to the child. Due to child birth the mother has a closer relationship with her baby. The female is a real carer and good at expressing her emotions and is natural in socialising children. The female is a role model for girls in the family . On the other hand the male role is instrumental. He is the breadwinner, provider, supporter of the family, a role model for male children in promoting achievement and giving motivation.There are biological factors that contribute to the difference between male and female in the family. However as Haralambos and Holborn suggested ‘there is no single blueprint for the family which applies to all societies’ (Haralambos and Holborn, 2000) Families vary in shapes and sizes and come in different forms such as the Nayar tribe, which is communal. There is the single parent, the same sex, contemporary and reconstituted family. Murdock and Parsons view of the nuclear family implies that women should be looking after the home and men as the provider and breadwinner.Murdock views can be contradictory because of the different types of families that led us to discuss the following families, which can be referred to as the exceptions to the rule of the universal existence. However, according to Gough the cross-cultural Nayar family perform qualities of the nuclear family in that there is a special and social recognised tie, which exists between a girl and the boy when she had her first sexual experience. The Nayar society of southern India performs as a nuclear family.Before puberty girls were ritually married to a Nayar man in the tali-rite. However after the tali-rite the female was free to take up several sexual partners as a result paternity was often uncertain. The only responsibility the women possess was to mourn at her husband’s funeral. Women would receive visiting ‘husbands’ after puberty as the men spend a lot of time away fighting. Husbands would visit other wives although the husband took preference when he was back home. The husband or wife would end the marriage any time.Other women share in the caring of the children and the fatherhood of the child was not important because of its matrilineal society. The economical contribu tion of males was minimal towards their children. Brothers and sisters of both parents side contributed to the economics and bringing up of the children (O’Donnell, 1985) the functionalist views regarding children’s need for social and stability works well in the Nayar society (O’ Donnell, 1985) Murdock’s view on the universality of the family is too narrow because it excludes many family forms.For example the single parent family is a distinct and viable family type as O’ Donnell states one in five families with dependant children in Britain in 1994 was headed by a single parent. Single parent family is the most common in western society (Bourne, 1995) states that in 1996 11 per sent of people in Britain lived in this type of family. Today it has doubled. However, there are professional women who choose to be single parents as studied by Jean Renvoizes single mother by choice (1985).She examined 30 mothers of this type who could afford to raise a child single-handed. On the other hand the Cashmore Study this showed that non-professional single parents were poorer and some of these women found being single was better than being in an oppressive relationship. Then there is the same sex family ‘as Plummer (1976) argued that homosexual are less likely to establish long-term relationships. Legally homosexuals cannot marry but there are changes in the law that may allow this group to foster or adopt children.There is not enough evidence to support the notion that same-sex relationships are more dysfunctional than heterosexual families. Kirby states (1997) lesbian mothers maybe seen as unfit to nurture children. Then there are mothers who leave heterosexual relationships and enter lesbian relationships- are these women seen as unfit mothers (Kirby, 1997) The contributing family is one in which couples live together with their children for a period of time, before getting married.As Mc Rae (1993) shows many of these couples ma y never marry. Evidence shows that this type of family is less of a problem for themselves or society as a whole, than single mothers, who have been divorced or never married and live without a partner (Kirby, 1997) The reconstituted family is when there are previously married and divorced people with children coming together and getting married who form a new family. Many children are being brought up in this type of family.Many children are being brought up in this type of family of step-parents and step siblings. The extended family is still present in the 21st century. As study conducted by Willmott and Young in the borough of Green in the East End of London such families had intertwined in their lifestyle. The children and parents live in the same area as parents for three or more generations. This family helps and maintains links with each other. Also the mother housewife role is shared by the female members f the extended family (Haralambos and Holborn, 1996) The Neo-Conventi onal family are family of past divorces coming together and re-marrying to form a new family with children from previous marriages as stated by Chester Kirby (1985) There are alternatives styles of family such as the Kibbutz in Israel. Haralambos and Holborn state there are 3 per cent of the population that live in about 270 Kibbutz. These sizes vary from 100-2000 members and it consists of an agricultural lifestyle with some light industry.Children spend most of the day and all the night away from their parents in the children houses. They are educated and socialised by trained staff. Parents do visit their children and spend time together as a family, which keep the strong bond within the family. This bonding meets the children’s emotional needs, whereas the Kibbutz provides for children’s physical needs. (Haralambos and Holborn, 2000) From the post-modern perspectives of the family this views the modern alternatives to the family.This view is saying that in contempo rary society there is a wide diversity of family forms all equally valid, which provide the function of the modern family (Kirby, 1997) In conclusion, according to Murdock and Parson this nuclear family is universal and typical. However this is contradictory because from my research there are a vast variety of family forms that are all existing and functioning, such as the single parent family, Kibbutzim, co-habiting, same sex and reconstitutional.As in the case of the lone parent family it could be argued that the family in industrial society has lost many of its functions. Many of these functions are taken over by the state in the form of specialised organisations for example the social security agency, schools and hospitals. (Haralambos and Holborn, 1983) The extended family still exist in some developing countries today and carry out the duties as the nuclear family. The post-modern view of the family fits in with modern contemporary society.The feminist view highlights the oppr ession of women within the family and changes that has come about. Even though there are differences in the family forms we have to celebrate all types of families. From the nursing profession it is important not to be judgemental towards people and to learn to accept that there are a wide range of families and groups of people in the contemporary society. This post originally appeared on http://www. customwritings. com/blog/sample-essays/essay-family. html

Kinds of Medical Thermometers

MEDICAL THERMOMETER Medical thermometers are used for measuring human body temperature, with the tip of the thermometer being inserted either into the mouth under the tongue (oral or sub-lingual temperature), under the armpit (axillary temperature), or into the rectum via the anus (rectal temperature). CLASSIFICATION BY TECHNOLOGY Liquid-filled The traditional thermometer is a glass tube with a bulb at one end containing a liquid which expands in a uniform manner with temperature. The tube itself is narrow (capillary) and has calibration markings along it.The liquid is often mercury, but alcohol thermometers use a colored alcohol. Medically, a maximum thermometer is often used, which indicates the maximum temperature reached even after it is removed from the body. To use the thermometer, the bulb is placed in the location where the temperature is to be measured and left long enough to be certain to reach thermal equilibrium—typically three minutes. Maximum-reading is achieved by means of a constriction in the neck close to the bulb. As the temperature of the bulb rises, the liquid expands up the tube through the constriction.When the temperature falls, the column of liquid breaks at the constriction and cannot return to the bulb, thus remaining stationary in the tube. After reading the value, the thermometer must be reset by repeatedly swinging it sharply to shake the liquid back through the constriction. Mercury Mercury-in-glass thermometers have been considered the most accurate liquid-filled types. However, mercury is a toxic heavy metal, and mercury has only been used in clinical thermometers if protected from breakage of the tube.The tube must be very narrow to minimize the amount of mercury in it—the temperature of the tube is not controlled, so it must contain very much less mercury than the bulb to minimize the effect of the temperature of the tube—and this makes the reading rather difficult as the narrow mercury column is not very visible. Visibility is less of a problem with a coloured liquid. In the 1990s it was decided [by whom? ] that mercury-based thermometers were too risky to handle; the vigorous swinging needed to â€Å"reset† a mercury maximum thermometer makes it easy to accidentally break it and spill the moderately poisonous mercury.Mercury thermometers have largely been replaced by electronic digital thermometers, or, more rarely, thermometers based on liquids other than mercury (such as galinstan, coloured alcohols and heat-sensitive liquid crystals). Electronic or Digital Since compact and inexpensive methods of measuring and displaying temperature became available, electronic thermometers (often called digital, because they display numeric values) have been used. Many display readings to great precision (0. 1  Ã‚ °C or 0.   Ã‚ °F, sometimes half that), but this should not be taken as a guarantee of accuracy: specified accuracy must be checked in documentation and maintained by perio dical recalibration. A typical inexpensive electronic ear thermometer for home use has a displayed resolution of 0. 1  Ã‚ °C, but a stated accuracy within  ±0. 2  Ã‚ °C when new. [1] The first electronic clinical thermometer, invented in 1954, used a flexible probe that contained a Carboloy thermistor. [2] Contact Some electronic thermometers may work by contact (the electronic sensor is placed in the location where temperature is to be measured, and left long enough to reach equilibrium).These typically reach equilibrium faster than mercury thermometers; the thermometer may beep when equilibrium has been reached, or the time may be specified in the manufacturer's documentation. Remote Other electronic thermometers work by remote sensing: an infrared sensor responds to the radiation spectrum emitted from the location. Although these are not in direct contact with the area being measured, they may still contact part of the body (a thermometer which senses the temperature of the eardrum without touching it is inserted into the ear canal).To eliminate the risk of patient cross-infection, disposable probe covers and single-use clinical thermometers of all types are used in clinics and hospitals. Basal thermometer A basal thermometer is a thermometer used to take the basal (base) body temperature, the temperature upon waking. Basal body temperature is much less affected than daytime temperature by environmental factors such as exercise and food intake. This allows small changes in body temperature to be detected, such as those caused by ovulation [3] or changes in thyroid function [citation needed]. Glass oral thermometers typically have markings every 0. 1  Ã‚ °C or 0.   Ã‚ °F. Basal temperature is stable enough to require accuracy of at least 0. 05  Ã‚ °C or 0. 1  Ã‚ °F, so special glass basal thermometers are distinct from glass oral thermometers. Digital thermometers which have sufficient resolution (0. 05  Ã‚ °C or 0. 1  Ã‚ °F is sufficient) may be suitable for monitoring basal body temperatures; the specification should be checked to ensure absolute accuracy, and thermometers (like most digital instruments) should be calibrated at specified intervals. If only the variation of basal temperature is required, absolute accuracy is not so important so long as the readings do not have large variability (e. . , if real temperature varies from 37. 00  Ã‚ °C to 37. 28  Ã‚ °C, a thermometer which inaccurately but consistently reads a change from 37. 17  Ã‚ °C to 37. 45  Ã‚ °C will indicate the magnitude of the change). Some digital thermometers are marketed as â€Å"basal thermometers† and have extra features such as a larger display, expanded memory functions, or beeping to confirm the thermometer is placed properly. CLASSIFICATION BY LOCATION The temperature can be measured in various locations on the body which maintain a fairly stable temperature (mainly sub-lingual, axillary, rectal, vaginal, forehead, or tem poral artery).The normal temperature varies slightly with the location; an oral reading of 37  Ã‚ °C does not correspond to rectal, temporal, etc. readings of the same value. When a temperature is quoted the location should also be specified. If a temperature is stated without qualification (e. g. , typical body temperature) it is usually assumed to be sub-lingual. The differences between core temperature and measurements at different locations, known as clinical bias, are discussed in the article on normal human body temperature.Measurements are subject to both site-dependent clinical bias and variability between a series of measurements (standard deviations of the differences). For example, one study found that the clinical bias of rectal temperatures was greater than for ear temperature measured by a selection of thermometers under test, but variability was less. [4] Oral Oral temperature may only be taken from a patient who is capable of holding the thermometer securely under the tongue, which generally excludes small children or people who are unconscious or overcome by coughing, weakness, or vomiting. This is less of a problem with fast-reacting digital thermometers, but is certainly an issue with mercury thermometers, which take several minutes to stabilize their reading. ) If the patient has drunk a hot or cold liquid beforehand time must be allowed for the mouth temperature to return to its normal value. [5] The typical range of a sub-lingual thermometer for use in humans is from about 35 °C to 42 °C or 90 °F to 110 °F. Armpit The Armpit (axillary) temperature is measured by holding the thermometer tightly under the armpit. One needs to hold the thermometer for several minutes to get an accurate measurement.Rectal Rectal temperature-taking, especially if performed by a person other than the patient, should be facilitated with the use of a water-based personal lubricant. Although rectal temperature is the most accurate, this method may be con sidered unpleasant or embarrassing in some countries or cultures, especially if used on patients older than young children; also, if not taken the correct way, rectal temperature-taking can be uncomfortable and in some cases painful for the patient. Rectal temperature-taking is considered the method of choice for infants. 6] Ear Other kinds of medical thermometers exist, such as the tympanic thermometer that measures the temperature of the tympanum by infrared measurement, The thermometer has a projection (protected by a one-time hygienic sheath) which contains the infrared probe; the projection is gently placed in the ear canal and a button pressed; the temperature is read and displayed within about a second. These thermometers are used both in the home (models are available for prices starting at around 20 USD) and in medical facilities. Temporal arteryA newer development is the Temporal artery thermometer, which uses the infrared principle to accurately report a patient's tempera ture, with comparable accuracy to rectal thermometry. [citation needed] Forehead The band thermometer is applied to the patient's brow. It is typically a band coated with different temperature-sensitive markings using liquid-crystal or similar technology; at a given temperature the markings (numerals indicating the temperature) in one region are at the right temperature to become visible. This type gives an indication of fever, but is not considered accurate.

Value and Valor

Value and Valor Value and Valor Value and Valor By Mark Nichol Words pertaining to worth and worthiness that are based on the syllable val or a similar letter combination are related. This post lists and defines the words in this group. The Latin verb valere, meaning â€Å"be strong† or â€Å"be well,† was extended in meaning to refer to worth, in both practical and aesthetic terms. Valor, which originally meant â€Å"courage,† â€Å"merit,† or â€Å"virtue† but now generally retains only the first sense, is derived from the Latin word. Valiance, a synonym for valor, is rare, but the adjectival form, valiant, meaning â€Å"brave,† is more common. Valid, meanwhile, originated in legal contexts to refer to what is legally binding, but by extension, it came to mean â€Å"supported by authority or facts.† (The noun form is validity.) Value, meaning â€Å"price† or â€Å"degree of esteem or usefulness,† is also a verb, and another noun form, valuation, pertains to the act or process of appraising financial worth, as well as judgment of character or worth or measure of market value. Evaluation, however, refers more broadly to measure of something’s financial value or of condition or significance; more recently, it has also come to pertain to a review of job performance. Less obviously related words include the verb avail, meaning â€Å"benefit† or â€Å"help,† or â€Å"gain† or â€Å"serve.† It also functions as a noun in such expressions as â€Å"to little avail† or â€Å"to no avail,† meaning â€Å"help† or use†; the adjectival form, available, means â€Å"accessible,† â€Å"present,† or â€Å"ready,† or â€Å"qualified† or â€Å"willing.† (The noun form is availability.) Others include prevail, meaning â€Å"be successful,† and its adjectival form, prevalent, which means â€Å"common† or â€Å"dominant.† Countervail, meanwhile, means â€Å"compensate† or â€Å"counteract.† Valence, a term for the amount of power of an atom or a unit of such strength, or for capacity to perform or degree of attractiveness, is generally confined to medical and scientific contexts, but it is the basis of ambivalence and equivalence, both of which have adjectival forms in which a t replaces the last two letters. The former word was coined by a psychologist on the model of the latter term to refer to conflicted feelings but soon took on a broader meaning; equivalence itself means â€Å"correspondence of characteristics.† Valedictorian and valetudinarian, though both derived from valere, are not to be confused. The former word describes the person who provides the valediction, a farewell speech at an event such as a graduation ceremony. (The first element stems from the Latin word for â€Å"farewell,† which literally means â€Å"be well† or â€Å"be strong.†) Valetudinarian, meanwhile, describes a hypochondriac or a sickly or weak person; the word also functions as an adjective, though valetudinary is also used. Meanwhile, the verb convalesce (the adjectival and noun forms are convalescent and convalescence) is antithetical to both senses of valetudinarian; it means â€Å"become healthier or stronger.† The feminine French name Valerie, and its variously spelled masculine Slavic equivalents, are cognate with valere. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Format a UK Business Letter50 Diminutive Suffixes (and a Cute Little Prefix)25 Idioms About Bread and Dessert

Stages of Early Arithmetic Learning Essays - Binary Operations

Stages of Early Arithmetic Learning Essays - Binary Operations StageStage NameDescriptionYour notesExamples 0Emergent CountingCannot count visible items. The child either does not know the number words or cannot coordinate the number words with items.Is unable to coordinate number words with items. 1Perceptual CountingCan count perceived items but not those in screened (that is, concealed) collections. This may involve seeing, hearing, or feeling items.Each number word is accompanied by the production of a perceptual unit item. 2Figurative CountingCan count the items in a screened collection but counting typically includes what adults might regard as redundant activity. For example, when presented with two screened collections, told how many in each collection and asked how many counters in all, the child will count from one instead of counting on.The student can generate their own sensory input to make countable items when counting and is able to use counting in problem oriented contexts where some or all of the items to be counted are hidden. StageStage NameDescriptionYour notesExamples 3Initial Number SequenceChild uses counting-on rather than counting from one, to solve addition missing addend tasks (for example, 6 + = 9). The child may use a count-down-from strategy to solve removed items tasks (for example, 17-3 as 16, 15, 14 the answer is 3).First stage to where the student has awareness of the sequence of numbers in an abstract sense. Severs the dependence of their number concepts on sensory experience that characterizes stage 1 and 2. 4Intermediate Number SequenceThe child counts-down-to solve tasks such as 17-14 = . Reaching the answer of 3 by counting-down-to 14, i.e. 16, 15, 14 the answer is 3 rather than doing the 14 counts-down-from 17, i.e. 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, . . . 5, 4, 3. The child can choose the more efficient of count-down-from and count-down-to strategies.The student has an awareness of the number sequence from one to 14 but this awareness has limitations. 5Facile Number SequenceThe child uses a range of what are referred to as a non-count-by-ones strategies. These strategies involve procedures other than counting-by-ones but may also involve some counting-by-ones. Thus in additive and subtractive situations, the child uses strategies such as compensation using a known result, adding to ten, commutativity, subtraction as the inverse of addition, awareness of the ten in a teen number.Students at stage 5 have an explicit awareness of subtraction as the inverse of addition and typically will use addition to work out subtraction.

Summary and Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Summary and Analysis - Essay Example To be more specific on which particular rape, the writer of the review on the books by two Japanese authors target the involvement of the Japanese military personnel in the rape of the women from the countries that they were able to occupy during the Second World War; Nanking included. The writer’s review on the perspectives given by two authors had brought about different points of views concerning the main topic that is aimed to be discussed: the rape of women by the Japanese military during World War II. As much as Nanking is not the main focus for rape as the chosen source, the article provides a different perspective of the topic on rape. Wakabayashi makes use of the start of his review with a question as to whether the activist scholarship that shows support of the litigation be the best form of justice that has long been due to the victims of the rape in the era of wars (223). The writer then starts to speak of the perspective of the Japanese writers with concerns to the common topic at

Week 4 reflection paper MAM Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week 4 reflection paper MAM - Assignment Example Furthermore individual chromosomes occupy preferred location within the nucleus. White blood cells in human bodies like chromosome 18, hugs nucleus on the outer wall, whereas chromosome 19 remains at the center while chromosome 7 hover in between center and outer of the nucleus. DNA in chromosomes uses complex way to fold, and individual chromosomes occupies distinct locations in the nucleus and some of them prefer the periphery of the nuclear, while others like coming closer to the center. Chromosome that lies closer to one another can influence the functionality of the cells. Chromatin is very complex and consists of DNA and Proteins. If laid in a straight line, nuclear DNA in bodies of human beings would be enough to stretch from sun to earth and vice versa 100 times. Research has also shown that chromosome arrangement is not stationary; it changes during disease and development. When a gene is needed, relevant DNA loops away from other chromosomes, and becomes fully activated. Sometimes transcription factors in gene on chromosome can help to activate nearby chromosome. Furthermore, these Chromosomes are arranged in different cells, differently and the arrangement changes at the time of development. Its locations plays central role in cancer and knowing the location of chromosomes in the nucleus gives an opportunity for the detection of the cancer (Misteli 66-73). Blood transfusion has been found to be very important procedure during medical conditions, and also, tissue transplant can be done successfully from animal to animal and from one part of the body to